Chapter 25 Outline

Chapter 25 Outline

America Moves to the City

      I.          1865-1900

a.     during this time the population doubled

b.     As factories and job opportunities grew in the cities population of American cities tripled

c.      Immigrants flooded the US

d.     Anti-foreignism spread

    II.         The Urban Frontier

a.     The skyscraper (was made feasible by the electric elevator) allowed for denser populations

b.     Electric trolleys also allowed for city transit

c.      The advantages/allures to living in the city: electricity, plumbing, and telephones

d.     Macy’s and other department stores provided jobs in the city, many for women

e.     There was widening class divisions and the age of consumerism came forth

f.      Waste disposal became an issue during the urban age

g.     Crime raised in the cities

h.     Due to the closely packed wooden buildings fires could spread easily like in the Chicago 1871 fire

  III.         The New Immigration

a.     Immigrants continued to travel to America to better their lives from Europe

b.     Immigrants had built supportive organizations and melded into established communities

c.      New Immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe

d.     Most immigrants were impoverished and illiterate causing them to be good cheap labor

   IV.         Southern Europe Uprooted

a.     Immigrants were leaving southern Europe because of the urbanization of Europe

b.     Steam ships were very easy to get a ticket on which allowed for more immigrants to be transported

c.      Many immigrants never intended to become American, but rather get enough money to support their family and then go back home

     V.         Reactions to the New Immigration

a.     The federal government did nothing to ease the assimilation of immigrants

b.     Political bosses (such as Boss Tweed) gave valuable assistance to new immigrants that came from no one else in exchange for votes.

c.      Settlement houses began to pop up. One supporter of this was Jane Addams who condemned war and poverty

   VI.         Narrowing the Welcome Mat

a.     Anti-foreignism was especially bad in the 1880s

b.     Native-born Americans blamed immigrants for the degradation of urban governments

c.      The American Protective Agency pursued nativist goals

d.     Wage-depressed immigrants were difficult to unite because of language barrier and lack of resources

e.     The first law against immigrants shut out paupers, criminals, and convicts

f.      The next prohibited importation of workers under contract

g.     1882 the Chinese were completely excluded

 VII.         Churches Confront the Urban Challenge

a.     Protestant churches suffered from the urbanization of America

b.     Church began to be a amusement rather than a religion

c.      The new gospel proclaimed that God caused the righteous to prosper (which fought against the Immigrants)

d.     By 1900 Roman Catholics had become the largest single denomination

VIII.         Darwin Disrupts the Churches

a.     English naturalist Charles Darwin’s theory was “natural selection” or the higher forms of life have evolved from lower forms through a process of genetic mutation and adaption

   IX.         The Lust for Learning

a.     Americans started to believe that education was an inherited right

b.     Educaion helped check child labor abuse

c.      Schools to train teachers began to expand

d.     Crowded cities provided better educational facilities

e.     The illiteracy rate fell from 20 percent in 1870 to 10.7 percent in 1900

     X.         Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People

a.     Booker T. Washington taught black students useful trades so that they could gain self-respect and economic security. He argued that although segregation was all right blacks should be allowed to advance on their own and not be suppressed.

b.     Dr. W.EB. Du Bois said that Washington was condemning the black race to manual labor. He graduated from Harvard and said “ The Honor, I assure you, was Harvard’s”. He helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. He argued that the talented tenth percent of blacks should be welcomed into white society and given all privileges.

c.      The difference between Du Bois and Washington greatly reflected the difference between Northern and southern blacks

   XI.         The Hallowed Halls of Ivy

a.     Women’s colleges began to expand

b.     By 1880 every third college graduate was a woman

c.      Morrill Act of 1862 provided land grants of public lands to the states for support of education

d.     Colleges began to have better education so reputable scholars did not need to leave America for a graduate degree

 XII.         The March of the Mind

a.     The elective system gained popularity

b.     Specialization, not synthesis became universities primary goal for education

c.      Dr. Charles W. Eliot (President of Harvard college) changed Harvard’s motto from Christo et Ecclesiae (For Christ and Church) to Veritas (Truth)

d.     Life expectancy increased

XIII.         The Appeal of the Press

a.     Well stocked public libraries became a normal often they were funded by philanthropists such as Andrew Carnegie

b.     They helped educate the poor and immigrants who could not afford a college education

c.      The press, instead of publishing bare knuckle articles, began to feature non-controversial material

d.     Sex, scandal, and stories were in the headlines, much like today

XIV.         Apostles of Reform

a.     Henry George was a writer that believed that a single 100 percent tax on those windfall profits from land sales would eliminate unfair inequalities and stimulate economic growth.

 XV.         The New Morality

a.     Victoria Woodhull publicly declared her belief in free love in 1871

b.     Young women enjoyed a new sense of freedom

c.      There was soaring divorce rates, spreading practice of birth control, and discussion of sexual topics

XVI.         Families and Women in the City

a.     Crowded cities were emotionally isolating places (like they are today)

b.     Families were under a lot of stress

c.      It was “the era of divorce”

d.     Urban life reduced family size. More children ment more mouths to feed which led to more birth control and smaller family sizes

e.     Women were growing more independent

f.      Feminists continued to argue for the ballot

g.     Suffragists linked the ballot to traditional definition of women’s role

h.     Wyoming territory granted the first un-restricted suffrage to women in 1869

i.       Still excluded black women

XVII.         Prohibiting Alcohol and Promoting Reform

a.     Statewide prohibition began to sweep the nation

b.     18^th amendment prohibited alcohol

XVIII.         Postwar Popular Fiction

a.     Harlan P. Halsey wrote “dime” novels that often depicted the wild west

b.     General Lew Wallaca combated the wave of Darwinism with Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ. It sold an estimated 2 million copies and was as influential as Uncle Tom’s Cabin

XIX.         Literary Landmarks

a.     Three new currents in the arts/literalism:

                                               i.     Realism: the quality or fact of representing a person, thing, or situation accurately or in a way that is true to life

                                              ii.     Naturalism: (in art and literature) a style and theory of representation based on the accurate depiction of detail.

                                            iii.     Regionalism: the theory or practice of regional rather than central systems of administration or economic, cultural, or political affiliation

 XX.         Artistic Triumphs

a.     Realism and regionalism were also introduced into art

b.     Music was gaining popularity

c.      The phonograph helped replace many sitting room pianos

d.     The City Beautiful Movement wanted new American cities to look beautiful and convey a sense of harmony, order, and monumentality

XXI.         The Business of Amusement

a.     With all of this work came a lot of play

b.     Shows/circuses like: “Greatest Show on Earth” sprung up with Buffalo Bill and Annie Oakley as crack shots and expert horse riders

c.      Baseball became a very popular sport

d.     Basketball was invented

e.     Croquet became the rage, but was condemned for women showed their ankles during the game

f.      The new type of bike was formed that was more safe with a lower seat causing many ore people to use bikes